The force field theory of change, also known as the force field analysis model, is a tool used to understand and analyze the forces that influence change within a system. Developed by social psychologist Kurt Lewin in the 1950s, this theory posits that change occurs when the forces driving it forward (driving forces) outweigh the forces resisting it (restraining forces).
According to the theory, change is not a linear process and can be influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors refer to those within the system being changed, such as the attitudes and behaviors of individuals within the system. External factors refer to those outside the system, such as economic or political pressures.
The driving forces, or those that push for change, can be either positive or negative. Positive driving forces are those that encourage change, such as a desire for growth or an opportunity for improvement. Negative driving forces are those that necessitate change, such as a problem or challenge that needs to be addressed.
On the other hand, restraining forces are those that hinder or resist change. These can include things like fear of the unknown, lack of resources, or a lack of support from key stakeholders.
To use the force field theory of change, one must first identify and assess the driving and restraining forces at play. This can be done through stakeholder interviews, surveys, or focus groups. Once the forces have been identified, the next step is to determine which forces are the strongest and how they can be managed or leveraged to facilitate change.
For example, if a company is trying to implement a new technology, the driving forces may include the potential for increased efficiency and cost savings. However, the restraining forces may include employee resistance to learning new skills and concerns about job security. In this case, the company may need to address these concerns through training and communication efforts in order to successfully implement the new technology.
Overall, the force field theory of change is a useful tool for understanding and managing the complex forces that influence change. By identifying and addressing both the driving and restraining forces, individuals and organizations can more effectively implement and sustain change.