Erikson lifespan development. What Are the 8 Stages of Life According to Erikson? 2022-11-02

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Erik Erikson's theory of lifespan development is a psychoanalytic theory that describes the psychological development of individuals throughout their lifetime. Erikson believed that the human psyche is constantly evolving, and that individuals go through a series of eight stages of development, each with its own challenges and opportunities.

The first stage of Erikson's theory is the trust versus mistrust stage, which occurs during the first year of life. At this stage, babies rely on their caregivers to meet their basic needs, and they develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on their experiences. If caregivers are consistently responsive and nurturing, the baby will develop a sense of trust in the world and in others. If caregivers are neglectful or inconsistent, the baby may develop a sense of mistrust and insecurity.

The second stage is the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, which occurs during the toddler years. At this stage, children are learning to explore the world around them and to assert their independence. They may feel a sense of shame or doubt when they encounter new challenges or when they are unable to achieve their goals. If caregivers provide a supportive and nurturing environment, children will develop a sense of autonomy and self-confidence. If caregivers are overly controlling or critical, children may develop a sense of shame and doubt about their abilities.

The third stage is the initiative versus guilt stage, which occurs during the preschool years. At this stage, children are learning to initiate activities and to take charge of their own play. They may feel guilty when they break rules or when they act aggressively. If caregivers encourage children to explore and take initiative, they will develop a sense of purpose and direction. If caregivers are overly critical or punitive, children may develop a sense of guilt and hesitation about their actions.

The fourth stage is the industry versus inferiority stage, which occurs during the school-age years. At this stage, children are learning to develop skills and to achieve in school and other areas of life. They may feel a sense of inferiority if they are unable to measure up to their peers or if they are unable to complete tasks. If caregivers provide a supportive and nurturing environment, children will develop a sense of competence and a sense of pride in their achievements. If caregivers are overly critical or dismissive, children may develop a sense of inferiority and a lack of confidence in their abilities.

The fifth stage is the identity versus identity confusion stage, which occurs during adolescence. At this stage, adolescents are trying to figure out who they are and what they want to do with their lives. They may feel confused about their values, goals, and identities. If caregivers provide a supportive and nurturing environment, adolescents will develop a sense of identity and a sense of direction in life. If caregivers are overly controlling or critical, adolescents may struggle with identity confusion and may have difficulty making decisions.

The sixth stage is the intimacy versus isolation stage, which occurs during young adulthood. At this stage, individuals are trying to form close relationships and to find a sense of belonging. They may feel isolated if they are unable to form close connections with others. If individuals are able to form close and meaningful relationships, they will develop a sense of intimacy and a sense of belonging. If individuals are unable to form close relationships, they may feel isolated and disconnected.

The seventh stage is the generativity versus stagnation stage, which occurs during middle adulthood. At this stage, individuals are focused on contributing to the next generation and to society as a whole. They may feel stagnant if they are unable to find meaning and purpose in their lives. If individuals are able to find meaning and purpose through their work or through their relationships, they will develop a sense of generativity and a sense of fulfillment. If individuals are unable to find meaning and purpose, they

Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion

erikson lifespan development

People in early adulthood i. The children also demonstrated novel ways of being aggressive toward the doll that were not demonstrated by those children who did not see the aggressive model. He became the first child analysts during his attendance at Harvard Medical School. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Bronfenbrenner recognized that human interaction is influenced by larger social forces and that an understanding of these forces is essential for understanding an individual. Despair During this phase, older adults reflect on the life they have lived. If initiative is dismissed or discourages, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt.

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Lifespan Theories

erikson lifespan development

Stagnation The focus of this stage is to contribute to society and the next generation. For instance, a person may struggle with a lack of trust beyond infancy under certain circumstances. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Erik Erikson 1902—1994 psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature. Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. Young children put objects in their mouths to see if the items are edible, and once they can grasp objects, they may shake or bang them to see if they make sounds. Those who do will develop self-confidence and feel a sense of purpose.

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Contemporary Theories on Development

erikson lifespan development

His childhood, education experiences, and careers influenced his contributions to lifespan development. An egocentric child is not able to infer the perspective of other people and instead attributes his own perspective. By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people will be there as a source of support. This During this stage, we also expect children to display egocentrism, which means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others. Adults in this stage are often at the height of their careers. In postformal thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

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Psychosocial Theory

erikson lifespan development

Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy. Despair late adulthood : we look back on our lives and hope to like what we see-that we have lived well and have a sense of integrity because we lived according to our beliefs. Conservation Formal operational 11 years to adulthood Adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning. Adults who do not develop a positive self-concept in adolescence may experience feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation. Erikson was vague about what an individual must experience to successfully overcome the conflict of each stage.

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Erikson Lifespan Development Theory

erikson lifespan development

If accomplishing their goals meets resistance or becomes socially problematic, they experience guilt. The development of ethnic identity takes time, with about 25% of tenth graders from ethnic minority backgrounds having explored and resolved the issues Phinney, 1989. The study of children is important because it has the potential to inform us about the nature of human development. The social task of middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation. In adolescence ages 12—18 , children face the task of identity versus role confusion. During high school and the college years, teens and young adults move from identity diffusion and foreclosure toward moratorium and achievement.

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Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

erikson lifespan development

Bicultural identity means the individual sees himself or herself as part of both the ethnic minority group and the larger society. Someone who emerges from this stage with an overall positive experience in taking initiative develops the virtue of purpose, or the ability to determine what they want and go for it. He said that people in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. By learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others, preschool children can master this task. Lifespan communication covers how we communicate from the time we take our first breath to the time we take our last breath. Stage Psychosocial Crisis Basic Virtue Age 1. It consists of eight stages of development starting with infancy and ending with late adulthood.

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What Are the 8 Stages of Life According to Erikson?

erikson lifespan development

They begin to show clear preferences for certain elements of the environment, such as food, toys, and clothing. The ego and the id. According to Piaget, young infants do not remember an object after it has been removed from sight. During this stage, your child's becoming aware of their individuality. A kid who emerges from this stage with a greater sense of autonomy than shame or doubt develops the virtue of will: the ability to make choices freely while also having self-control when appropriate.

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Erikson's Lifespan Development

erikson lifespan development

In the United States, those of European ancestry engage in less exploration of ethnic identity, than do those of non-European ancestry Phinney, 1989. The Nature versus Nurture concept are issues that are found in stages of development as well. Children of differing ages interpret the world differently. This can be an anxious and emotionally tense time period as the adolescent experiments with different roles and explores various beliefs. Teens and adults in this stage will immerse themselves in their ethnic culture.

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Lifespan Development and Erikson's Stages of Development

erikson lifespan development

This may also happen when they are not praised by their teachers and peers. They feel a sense of purpose in their life. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg 1927—1987 extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development. Schemata are concepts mental models that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. During the elementary school stage ages 6—12 , children face the task of industry versus inferiority.

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Erikson's 8 Stages of Development

erikson lifespan development

Then the children were allowed in the room, where they found the doll and during their play they began to hit it. Those who are unsuccessful at this stage—with their initiative misfiring or stifled—may develop feelings of guilt. In some cases their appearance may be ambiguous. Lifespan communication is a very important area of communication to study because it affects all levels of communication. Symptoms of mental illness include frequent outbursts of anger, hyperactivity, fear of gaining weight, excessive worrying, frequent temper tantrums, and hearing voices that aren't there. According to Erikson 1963 , trust is the basis of our development during infancy birth to 12 months. This can lead to others constantly asking them to categorize themselves.

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