The constructionist theory of deviance is a sociological perspective that views deviant behavior as being socially constructed, rather than inherent or innate. This theory suggests that what is considered deviant or abnormal is not fixed and universal, but rather is defined by the social norms, values, and expectations of a particular culture or society.
According to the constructionist theory, deviant behavior is not a product of an individual's personal characteristics or psychological problems, but rather is a result of the way that society labels and responds to certain actions or behaviors. In other words, deviance is not an inherent trait of an individual, but rather is a product of the social processes that define and enforce what is considered normal or acceptable.
One of the main proponents of the constructionist theory of deviance was sociologist Edwin Lemert, who argued that deviant behavior is a result of social interaction and labeling. Lemert proposed the concept of primary and secondary deviation, which refers to the ways in which an individual's deviant behavior is perceived and responded to by society. Primary deviation refers to the initial deviant behavior, which may be viewed as abnormal or deviant by society. Secondary deviation occurs when an individual is labeled as a deviant and is then treated as such by society, leading to further deviant behavior.
According to the constructionist theory, deviant behavior is not a result of an individual's personal characteristics or psychological problems, but rather is a result of the way that society labels and responds to certain actions or behaviors.
There are several factors that contribute to the construction of deviance, including the values and norms of a particular culture or society, the social and economic conditions in which individuals live, and the power dynamics within a given social group. For example, in a society with strict moral codes and strong social control mechanisms, certain behaviors may be more likely to be labeled as deviant, while in a society with more liberal values and weaker social control mechanisms, these same behaviors may be viewed as acceptable or even normal.
One key aspect of the constructionist theory of deviance is the role of social power in the definition and enforcement of deviant behavior. Those who hold power within a society often have the ability to define what is considered deviant and to enforce social norms and expectations through punishment and social control. This can lead to the marginalization and stigmatization of certain groups or individuals, as they may be more likely to be labeled as deviant and face negative consequences as a result.
Overall, the constructionist theory of deviance suggests that deviant behavior is not inherent or innate, but rather is a product of the social processes that define and enforce what is considered normal or acceptable. This perspective challenges the notion that deviance is a personal failing or character flaw, and instead highlights the social and cultural factors that contribute to the construction of deviant behavior.